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The Hundred Years' War is the modern term for a series of conflicts waged from 1337 to 1453 by the House of Plantagenet, rulers of the Kingdom of England, against the House of Valois, rulers of the Kingdom of France, for control of the Kingdom of France. Each side drew many allies into the war. It was one of the most notable conflicts of the Middle Ages, in which five generations of kings from two rival dynasties fought for the throne of the largest kingdom in Western Europe. The war marked both the height of chivalry and its subsequent decline, and the development of strong national identities in both countries.
After the Norman Conquest, the kings of England were vassals of the kings of France for their possessions in France. The French kings had endeavored, over the centuries, to reduce these possessions, to the effect that only Gascony was left to the English. The confiscation or threat of confiscating this duchy had been part of French policy to check the growth of English power, particularly whenever the English were at war with the Kingdom of Scotland, an ally of France.
Through his mother, Isabella of France, Edward III of England was the grandson of Philip IV of France and nephew of Charles IV of France, the last king of the senior line of the House of Capet. In 1316, a principle was established denying women succession to the French throne. When Charles IV died in 1328, Isabella, unable to claim the French throne for herself, claimed it for her son. The French rejected the claim, maintaining that Isabella could not transmit a right that she did not possess. For about nine years (1328–1337), the English had accepted the Valois succession to the French throne. But the interference of the French king, Philip VI, in Edward III's war against Scotland permitted Edward III to reassert his claim to the French throne. Several overwhelming English victories in the war—especially at Crecy, Poitiers, and Agincourt—raised the prospects of an ultimate English triumph. However, the greater resources of the French monarchy precluded a complete conquest. Starting in 1429, decisive French victories at Patay, Formigny, and Castillon concluded the war in favour of France, with England permanently losing most of its major possessions on the continent.
Historians commonly divide the war into three phases separated by truces: the Edwardian Era War (1337–1360); the Caroline War (1369–1389); and the Lancastrian War (1415–1453). Contemporary conflicts in neighbouring areas, which were directly related to this conflict, included the War of the Breton Succession (1341–1364), the Castilian Civil War (1366–1369), the War of the Two Peters (1356–1375) in Aragon, and the 1383–85 Crisis in Portugal. Later historians invented the term "Hundred Years' War" as a periodization to encompass all of these events, thus constructing the longest military conflict in history.
The war owes its historical significance to multiple factors. By its end, feudal armies had been largely replaced by professional troops, and aristocratic dominance had yielded to a democratisation of the manpower and weapons of armies. Although primarily a dynastic conflict, the war gave impetus to ideas of French and English nationalism. The wider introduction of weapons and tactics supplanted the feudal armies where heavy cavalry had dominated. The war precipitated the creation of the first standing armies in Western Europe since the time of the Western Roman Empire, composed largely of commoners and thus helping to change their role in warfare. With respect to the belligerents, in France, civil wars, deadly epidemics, famines, and bandit free-companies of mercenaries reduced the population drastically. English political forces over time came to oppose the costly venture. The dissatisfaction of English nobles, resulting from the loss of their continental landholdings, became a factor leading to the civil wars known as the Wars of the Roses (1455–1487). Shorn of its continental possessions, England was left with the sense of being an island nation, which profoundly affected its outlook and development for more than 500 years.
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La guerre de Cent Ans est un conflit, entrecoupé de trêves plus ou moins longues, opposant de 1337 à 1453 la dynastie des Plantagenêts à celle des Valois, et à travers elles le royaume d'Angleterre et celui de France.
Au début du XIVe siècle, trois axes de tensions favorisent son émergence :
Les constants affrontements entre Plantagenêts et Capétiens pour la souveraineté et le contrôle des fiefs de Guyenne
le conflit dynastique pour la couronne de France qui naît en 1328 à la mort de Charles IV, dernier fils de Philippe IV.
La guerre connaît plusieurs phases. L'Angleterre remporte d'abord de nombreuses victoires, avant que la France ne reprenne l'ascendant à partir de 1364 ; en 1378, les Anglais ne contrôlent ainsi plus que quelques villes sur le continent. À compter de 1380, l'affaiblissement du pouvoir royal, conjugué à un contexte économique difficile, conduit à une période de guerre civile dans les deux pays, situation dont le royaume d'Angleterre est le premier à sortir. Henri V d'Angleterre profite alors de la folie du roi Charles VI de France et de la guerre civile entre Armagnacs et Bourguignons pour relancer le conflit. Fort de son alliance avec les Bourguignons, il obtient la couronne de France pour son fils Henri VI par le traité de Troyes de 1420. Cependant, le sentiment national naissant et la modification des circuits économiques rendent difficile le maintien des Anglais en France. En 1429, l'épopée de Jeanne d'Arc marque les esprits tout en renforçant la légitimité de Charles VII. Six ans plus tard, celui-ci conclut la paix d'Arras avec le duc de Bourgogne ; les Anglais sont dès lors inexorablement repoussés et ne contrôlent plus en 1453 que Calais sur le continent, la paix étant signée en 1475.
Sur le plan démographique, les batailles ont fait peu de morts en dehors de la noblesse, mais les pillages ont eu des conséquences néfastes sur les populations civiles. Du point de vue militaire, cette guerre marque une rupture, avec le déclin de la cavalerie au profit de l’infanterie et l'apparition de l’artillerie. Elle a également des conséquences économiques, l'augmentation des prix favorisant le commerce à longue distance, et religieuses, avec le Grand Schisme d'Occident qui oppose les papes de Rome et d'Avignon. Elle aboutit à une affirmation du sentiment national, la rivalité franco-anglaise n'étant plus dorénavant seulement issue d'un conflit dynastique. De la même manière, la mutation du duché de Bourgogne en principauté indépendante génère un conflit de deux siècles avec les Habsbourg.
L'escarmouche ! - The skirmish !
