The Red River War was a military campaign led by the US Army in 1874 to repel the Indian tribes of Comanche, Kiowa, South Cheyenne and Arapaho from the southern Great Plains, and force them to settle on reserves of the Indian Territory. The confrontations of 1874 are distinguished from the previous attempts of the army of the Union to "pacify" this region of the western border.
This conflict ended in 1875 when the last group of Comanche warriors offered his surrender to Fort Sill. They were until then the last free Indians of the southwestern United States. Numerous factors have led to this military campaign against the Amerindian tribes of the southwestern border. During the 1850s, settlers in the west came into conflict with the tribes that had lived in the southern Great Plains for centuries. To help settlers settle on these new lands, the army established a series of border forts. The beginning of the Civil War led to a withdrawal of troops from the western frontier. Native Americans were faced with some incursions of immigrants from eastern Mississippi. After the war, with the development of railways and mining, the railways and settlers eager for these lands, which they would not have to pay, began to put pressure on the federal government to take military measures against the Amerindians.
The treaty of Medicine Lodge, signed in 1867, provided for the establishment of two reserves in Indian territory: one for the Comanches and the Kiowas, and the other for the southern Cheyenne and the Arapahos. According to the treaty, the government pledged to provide the tribes with many basic and training services, housing, food and supplies, including hunting weapons and ammunition. In exchange, the Amerindians agreed to cease their attacks and raids. Ten chiefs approved the treaty and some members of the tribes were voluntarily transferred to the reserves.
But the treaty was a failure. A small number of branches of these tribes, including Quanah Parker's Quanadi Comanches, refused to sign the treaty. The bison hunters ignored the terms of the treaty and penetrated the promised region of the Amerindians of the southern plains. In only four years, from 1874 to 1878, the large herd of South American bison was virtually exterminated. The hunters killed these animals by the thousands, bringing the skins back to the East and leaving the carcasses rotting on the spot. The American government did nothing to put an end to this situation. The disappearance of the buffalo touched the Amerindian tribes roughly and made them dependent on the rations of the reserve.
The herdsmen who led their oxen to the north through Indian territory and the tail of the stove in Texas caused enormous disturbances. A good number of cowboys treated all Native Americans as "hostile" elements. Native Americans traditionally considered any animal crossing their hunting grounds as game, including livestock. This, combined with the scarcity of bison, led to many clashes.
The promises made by the American government to the Amerindians who had moved to the reserves proved hollow. The food was insufficient and of poor quality. Restrictions on personal travel, trade and religion were unbearable to Amerindians. As their living conditions deteriorated, an increasing number of them left the reserves to join the gangs returned to the Texas Plains. The Amerindians began to consider war to drive the white man out of their land. In 1874, a leader emerged in the person of Isa-tai of the band Quahadi des Comanches. Isa-tai incited a war against the whites. Because the majority of Amerindians saw themselves in a situation where the only alternative to starvation was war, it took little persuasion of Isa-tai to convince Amerindian leaders that they had to counterattack the whites. The Amerindians decided to attack and destroy the new colony of bison hunters from Adobe Walls.
On June 27, 1874, under the leadership of Isa-tai, Chief Comanche Quanah Parker and Chief Kiowa Big Bow, some 300 Amerindians attacked Adobe Walls. Despite their numerical inferiority, the 28 fighters occupying this position were well armed and skillful in shooting. Their long-range guns held the Amerindians at a distance. Despite this failure, many Amerindians returned to the plains of Texas. Realizing that the bison disappeared and were losing access to their land, they felt forced to fight to repel the growing encroachment of whites. For Amerindians, this led to US army retaliation, defeat, and confinement in their reserves.
The attack on Adobe Walls served as a catalyst for the US military, which began to forge plans to permanently subdue the Southern Plains tribes. This policy provided for the enlistment and protection of innocent and friendly Amerindians in their reserves, and the prosecution and extermination of hostile Amerindians, regardless of the boundaries of reserves or states. The main objective of the military campaign was the withdrawal of American Indian groups from this area of Texas and its opening to Anglo-American colonization.
The offensive was organized in five convergent columns throughout the Texas Panhandle and more particularly on the upper tributaries of the Red River of the South where they thought that the Amerindians had taken refuge. The objective of this strategy was to ensure the complete encirclement of the region, by eliminating virtually all the exits through which the Amerindians could have escaped. Colonel Nelson A. Miles moved south from Fort Dodge, Lieutenant-Colonel John W. Davidson marched west from Fort Sill, Lieutenant-Colonel George P. Buell moved northwest of Fort Griffin, Colonel Ranald S. Mackenzie came north from Fort Concho, and Major William R. Price walked east through the tail of the stove at Fort Union. The plan foresaw the convergence of the columns to maintain a continuous offensive until the decisive defeat of the Amerindians.
In the year 1874, up to 20 engagements took place between the American Army and the Amerindians of the Southern Plains, in the region of the stove-tail of Texas. The army, well equipped, kept the Amerindians in flight until exhaustion. They were eventually defeated at the battle of Palo Duro Canyon. The Red River War officially ended in June 1875, when Quanah Parker and his Comanches Quahadi band went to Fort Sill. The Comanches and the Kiowas were confined to an Indian reserve in the south-west of Indian territory.